旅游活动对生态环境及牧草资源的影响

随着国家经济快速增长,居民生活水平得到巨大提升,假期出行旅游已成为国民重要的精神文明需求,但当前我国草原旅游业发展不够成熟,旅游活动增加对草原生态环境及牧草资源造成了一定影响,这其中既有积极的影响也包含消极影响,本文通过以当前我国草原生态系统环境承载能力为切入点,以草原生态系统一级牧草资源生长所需条件为前提,深入挖掘旅游活动对草原生态环境的影响及可能面临的破坏风险,从而找出草原生态环境及牧草资源的可持续发展路径与建议,为草原生态系统及牧草资源的发展提供一定的理论保障。     

三江源区不同建植年限人工草地根系动态特征

根系动态特征能够反映人工草地植物利用土壤资源的效率和群落恢复演替的程度。本研究以三江源区不同建植年限（5、6、9和13年）人工草地植物根系为研究对象，利用“微根管”技术，连续两个生长季（2015年5-9月和2016年5-9月）探究了4个建植年限人工草地根系动态特征。结果表明：地上生物量和丰富度在建植5~9年呈下降趋势，建植9~13年显著上升；土壤理化性质呈“N”字型变化，不同建植年限间差异显著；随建植年限增加，根系寿命、累积生产量和累积死亡量均波动上升，根系的生长和死亡主要发生在0~10 cm土层；根系平均现存量随建植年限增加持续增加，建植6~9年趋于深层化；根系生产量、死亡量和现存量具有明显季节变化，6月为生长高峰期，7月为现存量高峰期，8月为死亡高峰期，建植9年人工草地根系正生长高峰期迟于其他建植年限；建植年限和土层深度直接影响根系寿命，其余环境因子通过影响土壤速效养分或地上生物量间接影响根系现存量。综上所述，建植人工草地能够增加地上生物量和丰富度，改善土壤质量，促进根系现存量的增加，建植6~9年人工草地的二次退化现象只是暂时性过渡阶段，可在此阶段制定合理的人工管理措施来保证土壤养分的稳定输入，加快群落正向演替的进程，从而提高人工草地的群落稳定性和恢复力。     

Frost response in wheat and early detection using proximal sensors

Frost can significantly reduce production of field crops grown in Mediterranean‐type environments, where significant economic losses for Australian wheat occur annually. If non‐destructive sensors could make rapid, spatial assessment of frost damage, this could limit economic losses through timely management decisions. This paper reports on a methodology for imposing frost treatments to wheat under field conditions and the utility of canopy reflectance data for detecting early crop damage. Purpose‐built chambers using stepped additions of dry ice allowed for a range of frost scenarios to be tested when applied at wheat heading and anthesis. For frost treatments applied at anthesis, grain number and yield were reduced by 8.8% and 7.2%, respectively, for every degree Celsius below zero (down to ?4°C). This effect was additive over two consecutive nights. For cold load equivalent, there was a 2.2% and 1.9% reduction in grain number and yield, respectively, per °C hr (below 0°C). For wheat, spectral indices PRI and NDVI (reflectance) and FRF_G and SFR_G (fluorescence) showed significant relationships, with cold load applied for heading treatments. Next steps include targeting frost intensities equivalent to cold loads between 20 and 80°C hr and testing the utility of these proposed indices in a commercial paddock setting.     

高寒区施肥和混播对燕麦人工草地土壤碳氮储量及垂直分布特征的影响

了解高寒地区燕麦人工草地在燕麦品种、施肥措施和混播水平下土壤碳氮储量潜力及垂直分布动态，为高寒地区燕麦人工草地建植提供理论依据。采用4个燕麦品种（A1：青燕1号，Avena sativa cv. Qingyan No.1；A2：林纳，A. sativa cv. Lena；A3：青海444，A. sativa cv. Qinghai 444；A4：青海甜燕麦，A. sativa cv. Qinghai）、4个施肥水平（B1：不施任何肥料，CK0；B2：尿素75kg/hm2+磷酸二铵150kg/hm2，IM；B3：有机肥1500 kg/hm2，OM；B4：尿素37.5 kg/hm2+磷酸二铵75 kg/hm2+有机肥750 kg/hm2，IM+OM）和4个箭筈豌豆混播水平（C1：0 kg/hm2；C2：45 kg/hm2；C3：60 kg/hm2；C4：75 kg/hm2）的三因素四水平正交试验设计[L16(45)]，在燕麦拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、乳熟期和收获后期研究了3个因素对高寒区燕麦人工草地土壤C、N储量的影响极其垂直分布特征，为高寒区燕麦人工草地土壤固C、固N潜力评估提供理论依据。品种、施肥和混播均显著影响了燕麦人工草地土壤C、N储量。3个因素在作物生长期对土壤C储量的积累的影响大小表现为施肥＞混播＞品种，收获后期表现为混播＞施肥＞品种；各时期对土壤N储量的影响大小均表现为施肥＞混播＞品种。采用尿素37.5 kg/hm2+磷酸二铵75 kg/hm2+有机肥750 kg/hm2的施肥处理，混播75 kg/hm2箭筈豌豆建植的燕麦人工草地土壤C、N储量最高。施肥措施造成燕麦人工草地各时期不同土层间土壤C、N储量的差异。在3种措施影响下燕麦人工草地0~50cm土层土壤C、N储量潜力分别为176.78 t/hm2和11.78 t/hm2。土壤C、N随着土层的加深而逐渐下降，0~20cm土层土壤C、N储量显著高于其它土层。     

Assessing the effectiveness of manure export plus intensive silage cropping for lowering the Olsen‐P status of P‐enriched grassland

A substantial proportion of farmed grassland soils in Northern Ireland (NI) are overly enriched with P and pose a risk to water quality. To address this problem, manure could be exported rather than recycled to P‐enriched land and the latter intensively cropped with grass silage to deplete soil P. To assess the efficacy of such a strategy, a P‐ and K‐enriched grassland site was intensively cropped over a 6‐yr period with fertilizer N alone supplied to support silage growth. By year 6, soil P had declined from index 5 to index 3, and it was estimated that two more years of this management may bring it into the target index 2 range. Soil K, however, declined rapidly from index 4 to index 1 in just 4 yr, with the result that grass production became limited by K deficiency. It was concluded that nonrecycling of manure to P‐enriched grassland under silage management is probably the most effective strategy for lowering soil P status, but care must be taken to prevent K deficiency occurring.     

内蒙古外来入侵物种及其对草原的影响

生物入侵严重威胁着内蒙古草原的生物多样性和生态安全。目前,内蒙古地区乃至于全国对外来物种只重引进、疏于管理,导致外来物种逃逸到自然环境中,造成潜在的环境灾害。本研究据文献查阅以及中国外来入侵物种数据库信息,整理分析内蒙古境内分布的外来入侵物种的种类、来源地、侵入途径及对草原的危害状况,并对内蒙古草原应对外来物种入侵提出了相应的防控措施。根据统计,外来入侵植物中的牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora)和光梗蒺藜草(Cenchrus calyculatus)已表现出蔓延趋势,其他物种有待进一步的调查。     

扎鲁特旗山地草地土壤含水量动态与气候因子的关系

通过对内蒙古通辽市扎鲁特旗巴雅尔吐胡硕牧业气象站1983-2012年气象数据和山地草地土壤含水量数据分析,揭示土壤含水量的动态变化及其与气候因子之间的相关关系。结果表明,1983-2012年山地草地土壤各层(0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40、40-50和0-50cm)含水量均呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势,草地逐渐旱化;土壤含水量下降过程可以分为3个阶段,第1阶段为1983-1987年,该阶段土壤含水量在15%~30%之间波动,属于土壤含水量的较高阶段;第2阶段为1988-1999年,该阶段土壤含水量在5%~15%范围内波动,属于土壤含水量高(15%~30%)向低(2%~10%)过渡阶段;第3阶段是2000-2012年,该阶段土壤含水量在2%~10%范围内波动,属于土壤含水量较低阶段;土壤含水量与温度和日照时数呈负相关,与降水量、相对湿度、蒸散量呈正相关。     

人工老化对小麦种子活力及醇溶蛋白组成的影响

为揭示种子活力与醇溶蛋白组成变化的关系,以小麦品种百农矮抗58、周麦18、新麦208、郑麦9023和杂交小麦(BNS/05525)为材料,高温(43±1)℃、高湿(95％相对湿度)老化处理0,4,6,9,12,15d和20 d,对老化处理种子的活力及醇溶蛋白组成进行了分析.结果表明,随着老化时间的延长,小麦种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数逐渐降低,老化20 d的小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均降为0,种子活力丧失.在同一老化程度下,杂交小麦种子的发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均高于百农矮抗58、周麦18、新麦208、郑麦9023,说明杂交小麦的抗老化能力较强;电导率在种子老化的0～12 d内变化较小,种子老化到15d时电导率迅速升高;5个小麦品种种子老化20 d后,发芽率从100％下降到0,醇溶蛋白的表达均出现了带型的变化,ω区醇溶蛋白出现了谱带的丢失、新蛋白的增加及蛋白表达量的上升和下降.种子活力丧失与蛋白的丢失、新谱带的产生都是在同一时间(种子老化20 d),说明种子活力的丧失与ω区域醇溶蛋白的消失和新增加的蛋白质有关;种子老化程度的加剧,导致了某些存活能力差的基因型消失,消失的基因可能与种子活力的表达相关.     

New Approaches to Modeling Methyl Jasmonate Effects on Pomegranate Quality during Postharvest Storage

Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and genetic algorithm–artificial neural network (GA-ANN) models were used to predict the effect of methyl jasmonate (at three levels 0, 0.01, and 0.1 mM) and storage time (0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 days) on quality parameters and physiological changes of pomegranate fruits during storage. Methyl jasmonate reduced chilling injury and improved quality characteristics of pomegranates during postharvest storage. The GA-ANN and ANFIS were fed with two inputs of methyl jasmonate and storage time. The results showed that GA-ANN predictions agreed with experimental data and the GA-ANN with 14 neurons in one hidden layer can predict physiological changes and quality parameters of pomegranate (weight loss, pH, chilling injury index, ion leakage, ethylene, respiration, polyphenols, anthocyanins, and total antioxidant activity) with correlation coefficients equal to 0.87. The ANFIS model was trained by a hybrid method and agreement between experimental data and ANFIS predictions was significant (r = 0.90).     

人工养殖麦穗鱼的生长特性

分析麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)在人工养殖条件下的生长特性，为麦穗鱼养殖提供参考依据。2016年3—11月，于室外水泥池中开展了麦穗鱼养殖试验，分别测量其体重、体长及全长指标，进行生长特性分析。经180天的养殖，麦穗鱼平均全长达到3.96cm，平均体长达到3.23 cm，平均体重达到0.49g。特定生长率、日均增量和肥满度均受水温影响变化明显。体长(LB)与全长(LT)之间存在线性回归关系：LT=1.0589LB 0.767 (R2=0.8628)，体长与体重(W)的回归方程为：W=0.0466LB2.1623 (R2=0.8306)。麦穗鱼体长的变异系数范围为6%~14%，体重的变异系数范围为20%~41%，肥满度在1.45~5.31之间变动。麦穗鱼在室外水泥池中生长效果良好，适宜进行规模化人工养殖。